Heat waves, which are increasing in frequency and severity due to climate change, pose a growing challenge to public health, especially for vulnerable populations (such as the elderly, children, and people with reduced mobility). These groups are particularly at risk in urban areas, where heat islands are exacerbated by mineralized surfaces such as roads, parking lots and buildings. All of this contributes to significantly higher temperatures, making urban environments challenging to live in during periods of intense heat.
The growing reliance on air conditioning to stay cool is driving up energy demand and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, intensifying environmental and energy challenges for cities and electricity providers.
Existing infrastructure, such as schools, hospitals, and nursing homes, are often ill-equipped to deal with heat waves. Public buildings, in particular, often lack solutions to keep vulnerable populations safe and comfortable during these extreme weather events, leading to additional costs and increased health risks.
According to the Canadian Climate Institute, oppressive heat could lead to a $6.6 billion loss in productivity by the end of the century, even under a moderate emissions scenario. Furthermore, a study by Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS) published in 2024 found that close to 370 deaths each summer are linked to high temperatures in Quebec, highlighting the major impact of heat waves on the healthcare system.
